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Knowledge Enhanced Exapixel Photography

Level Set Systems has consulted with researchers from Duke University in the development of a giga-pixel camers. Advanced algorithms in compressed sensing have been developed for use in the data aquisition process of these high resolution cameras, which will have applications in research and media.

http://www.nature.com/news/gigapixel-camera-catches-the-smallest-details-1.10853

 

Gigapixel camera catches the smallest details

One-billion-pixel snapshots offer researchers high-resolution view of dynamic processes.


A one-gigapixel image (top) shows minute details (bottom) of the skyline in Seattle, Washington.

David Brady, an engineer at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues are developing the AWARE-2 camera with funding from the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The camera’s earliest use will probably be in automated military surveillance systems, but its creators hope eventually to make the technology available to researchers, media companies and consumers.

The camera is described today in Nature1, in a paper that includes some of its images. One snapshot shows a wide view of Pungo Lake, part of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in North Carolina. In a compressed version of the entire image, no animals are visible. But zooming in reveals a group of swans; going in closer still makes it possible to count every bird on and above the lake.

Researchers including wildlife biologists and archaeologists already use image-stitching software to create similar images from lots of lower-resolution files. But the ability to take the entire picture in one instant rather than taking individual shots over a period of minutes to an hour — during which time those swans might all have flown away — will be useful for capturing dynamic processes.

With such technology, “when you’re in the field, you don’t have to decide what you’re going to study — you can capture as much information as possible and look at it for five years”, says Illah Nourbakhsh, a roboticist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who developed image-stitching software called Gigapan. “That really changes your mindset.”

Bigger and better

In general, taking high-resolution images demands a large lens. Very rapidly, the optics become “the size of a bus”, says Brady. And high-resolution cameras usually have a limited field of view, meaning that they can see only a small slice of the total scene at a time. For example, each of the four 1.4-gigapixel cameras being used in the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) at the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy, which will scan the night sky for potentially dangerous near-Earth objects such as asteroids, focuses on a view of the sky only three degrees wide. And each uses a 1.8-metre mirror and a large array of light-sensing chips to accomplish the feat.#

Billion-pixel pictures

David Brady discusses the gigapixel camera with the Nature podcast team.

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AWARE-2 sidesteps the size issue by using 98 microcameras, each with a 14-megapixel sensor, grouped around a shared spherical lens. Together, they take in a field of view 120 degrees wide and 50 degrees tall. With all the packaging, data-processing electronics and cooling systems, the entire camera is about 0.75 by 0.75 by 0.5 metres in volume.

The current version of the camera can take images of about one gigapixel; by adding more microcameras, the researchers expect eventually to reach about 50 gigapixels. Each microcamera runs autofocus and exposure algorithms independently, so that every part of the image — near or far, bright or dark — is visible in the final result. Image processing is used to stitch together the 98 sub-images into a single large one at the rate of three frames per minute.

“With this design, they’re changing the game,” says Nourbakhsh.

Super video

The Duke group is now building a gigapixel camera with more sophisticated electronics, which takes ten images per second — close to video rate. It should be finished by the end of the year. The cameras can currently be made for about US$100,000 each, and large-scale manufacturing should bring costs down to about $1,000. The researchers are talking to media companies about the technology, which could for example be used to film sports: fans watching gigapixel video of a football game could follow their own interests rather than the camera operator’s.

The challenge, says Michael Cohen, head of the Interactive Visual Media group at Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington, is dealing with the huge amount of data that these cameras will produce.

The gigapixel camera that takes ten frames per second will generate ten gigabytes of data every second — too much to store in conventional file formats, post on YouTube or e-mail to a friend. Not everything in these huge images is worth displaying or even recording, and researchers will have to write software to determine which data are worth storing and displaying, and create better interfaces for viewing and sharing gigapixel images. “The technology for capturing the world is outpacing our ability to deal with the data,” says Nourbakhsh.

Journal name:
Nature
DOI:
doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10853

 

Level Set Systems founder has 2011 Hot Paper

Tom Goldstein & Stanley Osher Discuss the Split Bregman Method for L1-Regularized Problems

http://sciencewatch.com/dr/nhp/2011/11julnhp/11julnhpGoldET/

Article: The Split Bregman Method for L1-Regularized Problems

—————————————————————————-
Authors: Goldstein, T;Osher, S
Journal: SIAM J IMAGING SCI
Volume: 2, Issue: 2, Page: 323-343, Year: 2009
* Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
* Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.

Tom Goldstein & Stanley Osher talk with ScienceWatch.com and answer a few questions about this month’s New Hot Paper in the field of Computer Science.

Why do you think your paper is highly cited?

Our paper is highly cited because it gives state-of-the-art fast, simple, and versatile numerical algorithms for solving a class of problems of great practical and theoretical significance. These problems include recovering signals, images, and videos from perhaps very sparse data. The method can also be used to restore signals, images, and video by removing noise, reversing blur, filling in missing data, etc. Application areas range from medical imaging (such as MRI, fMRI, CT, ultrasound) to intelligence (hyperspectral imaging), to commercial (the Net?ix problem), and beyond.

Does it describe a new discovery, methodology, or synthesis of knowledge?

Coauthor Stanley Osher
It represents a new discovery in that this class of algorithms is shown to be remarkably effective for many convex optimization problems involving regularizers which are homogeneous of degree one. Problems of this type have taken center stage in fields like compressive sensing, matrix completion, image processing, and more. However the paper is also a synthesis of classical algorithms, such as the augmented Lagrangian method, and the alternating direction method of multipliers.

Would you summarize the significance of your paper in layman’s terms?

In layman’s terms, this is a method which is useful in predicting what movies Net?ix customers might prefer, tracking moving objects in very noisy videos, finding objects on the ground from satellite observations, enabling patients to spend less time in MRI machines, reducing radiation exposure from CT scans, allowing doctors to track needles in ultrasound machines, enabling defense threat reduction by separating aerosols from dust in lidar signals, and more.

How did you become involved in this research, and how would you describe the particular challenges, setbacks, and successes that you’ve encountered along the way?

The research developed as part of Tom’s Ph.D. thesis and evolved out of earlier work with M. Burger, D. Goldfarb, J.-J. Xu, and W. Yin, using Bregman iteration to improve denoising results. Significant contributions also came with W. Yin, D. Goldfarb, and J. Darbon, who used Bregman iteration to develop a fast algorithm for the L1 based constrained optimization problems arising in compressive sensing.

Figure 1:

Reconstruction of a Magnetic Resonance (MR) image using the Split Bregman method for compressed sensing. Only 30% of the image data was used for reconstruction. (left) The undersampled image is reconstructed using a conventional method (e.g. fast Fourier transform). (right) The same data is used to reconstruct a high quality image using the Split Bregman technique.

New challenges include the search for ways to further speed up the method, and new applications, such as optimizing geometries and imaging through turbulence. Many questions have also arisen about combining Split Bregman with newer algorithms to solve nonlinear problems, such as robust principal component analysis. Success basically comes from seeing this method used in so many areas of science, technology, data mining, statistics, learning theory, and more.

Where do you see your research leading in the future?

Our research will continue to lead improvements in the applied areas mentioned above. We expect to find new applications and discover new fast methods of interest to various communities. One emerging application is the use of Split Bregman to speed up and improving classical filtering methods for dynamical systems.

Do you foresee any social or political implications for your research?

Social implications will come from improved medical imaging, marketing (as in the Net?ix problem), military intelligence (through hyperspectral imaging, and directing unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAV’s), and other applications for these algorithms.

Tom Goldstein, Ph.D.
Department of Electrical Engineering
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA

Professor Stanley Osher
Mathematics, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering departments
and
Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics
University of California at Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA

——————————————————————————–

Acknowledgments:

We wish to emphasize that this research was made possible through the generosity of the National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research and the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency.

LSS Founder’s News Article, ‘Brains behind the Maths’

Stanley Osher
Mathematicians like Stanley Osher, Yves Meyer, Daniel Spielman and Alberto Adrego Pinto are examining areas of life where maths can find applications, including modelling of human behaviour, writes Kalyan Ray

Mathematics can very well trigger a multi-billion dollar spectacle. Ask James Cameron if you don’t believe. The world’s biggest money-grossing movie, Avatar, would not have been a reality without some complicated mathematics.

The same maths that made the Na’vis’ struggle on Pandora so real could also be used to locate a terrorist hide-out and give out a better scan even though the patient had to stay for a few fleeting seconds inside an MRI machine.

Meet Stanley Osher, one of the best-known brains in applied mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles, who pioneered such mathematics. Over the years, he has researched on a new area of mathematics called ‘level set methods’, which is a way of determining how surfaces such as bubbles move in three dimensions and how they merge and so on. Though on the face of it, LSM appears to be a subject of academic interest, Osher and his graduate students Ron Fedkiw found its utility in computer graphics. The maths also found its way to Hollywood.

Ants was the first movie that used LSM-based graphics, followed by films like Terminator. But computer graphics touched a new height with Cameron’s sci-fi epic, all set for a global re-release with nine minutes of additional footage. “Our method was used extensively to create the graphics for Avatar. It was used to make water, hills and fires in the movie. Most of the Hollywood studios like Disney and Columbia Tristar use our technology,” Osher told Deccan Herald at the International Congress of Mathematicians that ended in Hyderabad on August 27.

In fact, Cameron’s earlier blockbuster Titanic was probably the last well known film that used old-fashioned technologies. The water in Titanic did not come out well, he said, adding that the LSM offered a much more simplified model to mimic the natural world more accurately. Osher – who describes himself as the world’s best analyst among the current lot – doesn’t have much time to look for more innovative applications in the movies, which he describes as the fake world. The real world of military and medical imaging attracts him more.

Maths in real life

For the military, applied mathematics comes handy in detecting IED (improvised explosive device) from space. For the medical community, it means subjecting a patient under less radiation exposure in an MRI or CT machine but still getting an improved scan. The 68-year old mathematician is using maths for practical applications for many years. It began with the infamous Los Angeles riot in 1993 when the city went up in smoke triggered by the Rodney King incident. One of the cases involved a truck driver, Denny, who was at the receiving end of one attack. A video image taken from a helicopter revealed a speck on the arm of a person throwing a brick at Denny. Osher who was doing video image analysis with his colleague L Rudin resolved the speck into a rose tattoo, leading to the conviction of the suspect. But Osher is among a rare breed of mathematicians whose work has a direct and immediate bearing in the real world. Most mathematicians work in esoteric areas with complicated concepts and admit that their work has no immediate practical applications. Actually it can take several decades before new concepts in higher mathematics found an application.

Meyer’s maths

Take the research of Yves Meyer, professor emeritus at Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan in France for example. Winner of the Gauss prize in the ICM, 2010, Meyer made many fundamental contributions to several areas in mathematics. The applications came over a decade later. Meyer’s work forms the basis of the common photograph standard JPEG-2000 and restoration of satellite imagery.

More recently, one of Meyer’s early work – known as Meyer Sets – was exploited to process the images beamed by European Space Agency’s Herschel space probe that aims to photograph some of the universe’s oldest and coldest stars in the universe. Being some of the coldest stars, they emanate very faint light necessitating the requirement for a new algorithm to process even those faint lights. Meyer’s 1970 work was used to make sense of it.

“Mathematics is an exciting place as there are applications from academics to industry,” said Daniel Spielman of Yale University, USA. Spielman who bagged the 2010 Rolf Nevanlinna prize for outstanding contribution to the mathematical aspect of information sciences, thanked his Grade-4 teacher for fuelling his interest in maths.

While the information sciences offer tremendous opportunities for mathematicians, Spielman whose work on error correcting code has made the online credit card transaction secure, said new opportunities are opening up in system biology, drug development and even in social areas like economy and political science. “Mathematics is used to understand the unpredictable nature of the financial market,” said Alberto Adrego Pinto from the Universidade do Porto in Portugal. Incidentally, Pinto and his colleagues used the same type of mathematical models was to find out distribution of sun spots.

The next big challenge for mathematicians like Pinto is to model human behaviour. “It’s very complicated but we are working on it,” he admitted.

Original Link: http://www.deccanherald.com/content/92587/brains-behind-maths.html

LSS Founder presents “New Algorithms in Image Science” in ICM 2010, India

Mathematician Stanley J. Osher, whose firms Cognitech Inc., Luminescent Inc., and Level Set Systems Inc. are all solving real world problems, says it’s an “incredible time for mathematicians”

Hyderabad: Stanley J. Osher, is not your stereotypical mathematician—serious-looking, immersed in abstraction. Having co-founded three companies in 22 years, based largely on his own research, Osher is a mathematician and an entrepreneur, who, in a plenary lecture on 25 August, is going to tell the 3,000-plus mathematicians gathered at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Hyderabad how “fast” algorithms are going to rock the world.

Osher, whose firms Cognitech Inc., Luminescent Inc., and Level Set Systems Inc. are all solving real world problems, says it’s an “incredible time for mathematicians”. His and others’ work in “level set” theorems, which enable capturing moving images into math models, have led to applications that were unthinkable before.

“The whole industry of graphics in movies is using these algorithms,” says Osher, director of applied mathematics at the University of California in Los Angeles. Titanic was the last movie to use old-fashioned technology of simplified physical models. The special effects of the recent 3D movie Avatar owe their brilliance to level-set algorithms, he adds.

Osher’s message to mathematicians isn’t formulaic: fast algorithms can analyse data in a variety of sectors, from better medical imaging with reduced radiation dosage to spectral imaging in military applications.

In the financial world, quants have already shown what analytics can do. Now, say experts, it’s other businesses, from advertising to banking, that are increasingly relying on math to understand consumer behaviour.

This year’s Rolf Nevanlinna Prize winner Daniel Spielman of Yale University, whose interest lies at the intersection of computer science and mathematics, has also designed “fast” algorithms. His work on “error correcting codes” (ECC), which leads to better ways of transmitting and storing digital information, led his colleagues to set up a company called Digital Fountain Inc.

In a medium where even a speck of dust can wipe out thousands of bits of data, says Spielman, ECC ensures safety by adding redundancy.

What Osher and Spielman epitomize is the applied side of mathematics, a discipline, which mathematician Sujatha Ramdorai at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai, says is “totally missing from the Indian mathematics community, focused as it is on pure math”.

“We need to have these new fields, at the interface of economics, social sciences and biology,” says Ramdorai.

Incidentally, even applying mathematics to studying human behaviour or financial market hasn’t caught the imagination of mathematicians in India. It’s a branch of science that Alberto A. Pinto’s research, to be presented at ICM, represents very well. Work by Pinto, a mathematician at the University of Porto, Portugal, shows how models can simulate group behaviour—a tool that can help authorities to track social deviants, and, say, prevent a riot or a terrorist attack.

Another of Pinto’s models looks at stock market indices and provides a “probability distribution of market returns”. The genesis of this model lies in the probability distribution found in the natural world, such as in sunspots or in river heights, which Pinto found to be same as in stock market indices.

Math today has direct applications and the Indian community needs figureheads such as Osher, Spielman or Pinto, says Ramdorai. “I think the (new) Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research are the best places to start such disciplines,” she adds and as a former member of the National Knowledge Commission, she has recommended this to the government.

As mathematicians get their hands on flows of data, using algorithms to model people as shoppers, voters and workers, many, if not most, experts gathered in Hyderabad say it’s a great time to be a math graduate. Osher refers to a recent survey in the US, published in The Wall Street Journal, where mathematicians ranked the highest in terms of job satisfaction.

Mathematician G. Rangarajan of the Indian Institute of Science says not a week passes by when he doesn’t get a call from some financial services firm looking for math postgraduates or doctorates. “We just need to get more students and faculty in math,” he adds.

So much for applied math and the way it’s hitched to business. But can math ever solve the larger question of consciousness? Or, model human evolution?

Stanislav Smirnov, one of the winners of 2010 Fields Medal, says it is conceivable to think mathematicians can model evolution: earlier, biologists constructed the tree of life by hand, now they use computation.

However, it’s in the understanding of another puzzling problem—human consciousness—that mathematicians seem to give up.

“It’s beyond our wildest dreams. Since there’s no way of detecting or defining it (consciousness), it remains beyond the scope of math,” says Spielman.

But Smirnov doesn’t seem to have given up entirely and wonders “if there’s an abstract explanation” for consciousness. “(An) abstract explanation means you can apply mathematics,” he says.

Seema Singh
seema.s@livemint.com

http://www.livemint.com/2010/08/24001310/Math-becomes-fashionable-focu.html?h=A1

International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Hyderabad Home Page
http://www.icm2010.org.in/

LSS Founder presents “Math in the Real World” at Singapore’s NTU

LSS founder presented “Mathematics in the Real World” on 11 August 2007 at Singapore’s Nanyang Technology University School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences.
Dr. Stanley Osher presented some of the striking applications of modern image processing and discusses image processing algorithms and their application to every day life. This talk highlights exciting applications of mathematics, especially in animation, computer graphics, biotechnology, medical diagnostics, criminology and defense.

Click to play video lecture (Broadband-wmv)

Click to play video lecture (Narrowband-wmv)

Click to play audio lecture (mp3)

Read more http://www.itr8.com/hosted/ntu/osher/presentation_links.htm

LSS Founder receives Docteur Honoris Causa from ENS Cachan, France.

LSS founder receives Docteur Honoris Causa from ENS Cachan, France.

Honors
Madame la Directrice, dear colleagues, dear students, ladies and gentlemen,

Stanley Osher is Professor at the University of California at Los Angeles. His discipline is numerical analysis and he has contributed to reshape this discipline.

Professor Osher’s bibliography contains almost 200 papers. Summarizing them in less than 15 minutes is really not such an impossible task. Indeed, while Stanley Osher has dealt with just one problem, it just happens that this problem is actually the main problem of numerical analysis:

That is : how to represent, with a computer, continuous and infinitely accurate phenomena?

This problem has been a central concern for many mathematicians ever since computers were invented. The English mathematician Alan Turing, who invented computers, didn’t exactly glorify computers. His model, the Universal Machine, is just a bit smarter than a typewriter. As you know, the computer obeys a finite and fixed set of instructions. The computer obediently reads sequences of bits. The computer obediently writes sequences of bits. That’s all. The computer is just a reliable “bean counter”.

All the same, Alan Turing, who is also the founder of artificial intelligence, planned in 1956 to simulate all natural phenomena with computers. Alan Turing was the first to write the partial differential equations modelling pattern formation in biology. And he was also the first to try them on a computer.

LSS Founder elected to US National Academy of Sciences.

This news release is available at http://national-academies.org/.

72 New Members Chosen by Academy

WASHINGTON — The National Academy of Sciences today announced the election of 72 new members and 18 foreign associates from 14 countries in recognition of their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.

The election was held this morning during the business session of the 142nd annual meeting of the Academy. Election to membership in the Academy is considered one of the highest honors that can be accorded a U.S. scientist or engineer. Those elected today bring the total number of active members to 1,976.

Foreign associates are nonvoting members of the Academy, with citizenship outside the United States. Today’s election brings the total number of foreign associates to 360.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private organization of scientists and engineers dedicated to the furtherance of science and its use for the general welfare. It was established in 1863 by a congressional act of incorporation signed by Abraham Lincoln that calls on the Academy to act as an official adviser to the federal government, upon request, in any matter of science or technology.

Additional information about the institution is available on the Internet at http://www.nasonline.org/. A full directory of members can be found online at http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir?sid=1011&view=basic&pg=srch.

Celebration!

Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are:

Osher, Stanley; professor, department of mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles

Allis, C. David; professor and head, Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Rockefeller University, New York City

Andersen, Richard A.; James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience, biology division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena

Baker, David H.; professor of nutrition, department of animal sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Bennett, Charles L.; professor of physics and astronomy, department of physics and astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore

Bennett, Joan W.; professor, department of cell and molecular biology, Tulane University, New Orleans

Benoist, Christophe; co-head, section on immunology and immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston

Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; professor of chemistry and molecular and cell biology, University of California, Berkeley

Blandford, Roger D.; Pehong and Adele Chen Professor of Physics, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

Brown, James H.; Distinguished Professor of Biology, department of biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

Brünger, Axel T.; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and professor, department of molecular and cellular physiology, Stanford University

Chien, Shu; director, Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University Professor of Bioengineering and Medicine, and chair, department of bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla

Chisholm, Malcolm H.; Distinguished Professor of Math and Physical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus

Clark, William A.V.; professor of geography, University of California, Los Angeles

Cordell, Linda S.; director, University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, and professor of anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder

Cosgrove, Daniel J.; Eberly Professor of Biology, department of biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Cox, Gary; professor, department of political science, University of California, San Diego

Daily, Gretchen C.; associate professor of research, department of biological sciences, and senior fellow, Institute of International Studies, Stanford University

Davis, Robert E.; supervisory research plant pathologist and research leader, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.

Devreotes, Peter N.; professor and director of cell biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore

Dixit, Avinash K.; John J.F. Sherrerd 1952 University Professor of Economics, department of economics, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

Donoghue, Michael J.; director, Peabody Museum of Natural History, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson Professor, department of ecology and evolutionary biology, Environmental Science Center, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Eisenstein, James P.; Frank J. Roshek Professor of Physics, department of physics, California Institute of Technology

Engle, Robert F.; Michael Armellino Professor in the Management of Financial Services, Leonard Stern School of Business, New York University, New York City

Evans, Anthony G.; professor, department of materials, University of California, Santa Barbara

Gibson, David T.; professor emeritus, department of microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Gor’kov, Lev Petrovich; program director and professor, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee

Greenwald, Iva S.; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and professor, department of biochemistry and molecular biophysics, Columbia University, New York City

Hartl, Daniel L.; Higgins Professor of Biology, department of organismic and evolutionary biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Hebert, Steven C.; professor of medicine, and chair and professor, department of cellular and molecular physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

Henikoff, Steven; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and member, basic sciences division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle

Hogan, Brigid L.M.; professor and chair, department of cell biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.

Horwitz, Susan Band; Rose C. Falkenstein Chair in Cancer Research and associate director for drug development, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York City

Hubbell, Wayne L.; Jules Stein Professor of Ophthalmology and associate director, Jules Stein Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

Jewitt, David C.; professor, department of physics and astronomy, and astronomer, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

Jin, Deborah S.; JILA fellow and physicist, JILA, and associate professor adjoint, University of Colorado, Boulder

Johnstone, Iain M.; professor, department of statistics, Stanford University

Kanwisher, Nancy G.; professor, department of brain and cognitive sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Karin, Michael; professor of pharmacology, department of pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

Keohane, Robert O.; James B. Duke Professor of Political Science, department of political science, Duke University, Durham, N.C., and fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, Calif.

King, Mary-Claire; American Cancer Society Research Professor, departments of medicine and genome sciences, University of Washington, Seattle

Klainerman, Sergiu; professor, department of mathematics, Princeton University

Kollár, János; professor of mathematics, department of mathematics, Princeton University

Lampson, Butler W.; distinguished engineer, Microsoft Corp., Cambridge, Mass.

Louie, Steven G.; professor of physics, department of physics, University of California, Berkeley

Marks, Andrew R.; director, Center for Molecular Cardiology, and professor and chair, department of physiology and cellular biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City

McNutt, Marcia K.; president and chief executive officer, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Calif.

Medin, Douglas L.; professor of psychology, department of psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.

Mello, Craig; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Blais University Chair of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester

Page, David C.; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Piperno, Dolores R.; research scientist, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama

Polchinski, Joseph G.; professor, department of physics, and permanent member, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara

Polyakov, Alexandre M.; Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University

Rapoport, Tom A.; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and professor, department of cell biology, Harvard Medical School

Rice, Charles M.; Maurice R. and Corinne P. Greenberg Professor and head, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University

Robinson, Gene E.; director, neuroscience program, and G. William Arends Chair, department of entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Romanowicz, Barbara A.; professor of geology and geophysics, and director, Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley

Sancar, Aziz; Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Sargent, Wallace L.W.; Ira S. Bowen Professor of Astronomy, department of astronomy, California Institute of Technology

Schatz, George C.; Morrison Professor, department of chemistry, Northwestern University

Schüpbach, Gertrud M.; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and professor of molecular biology, department of molecular biology, Princeton University

Seidman, Christine E.; professor, department of genetics, Harvard Medical School

Silhavy, Thomas J.; Warner-Lambert Park-Davis Professor of Molecular Biology, department of molecular biology, Princeton University

Solomon, Edward I.; Monroe E. Spaight Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University

Strier, Karen B.; professor of anthropology, department of anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tananbaum, Harvey D.; director, Chandra X-ray Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass.

Tessier-Lavigne, Marc T.; senior vice president, research drug discovery, Genentech Inc., San Francisco

Thompson, Craig B.; scientific director, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Thompson, Lonnie G.; professor of geological sciences, Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus

Valentine, Joan S.; professor of chemistry, department of chemistry and biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles

Williams, Ellen D.; distinguished professor of physics, department of physics, University of Maryland, College Park

Wright, Margaret H.; professor and chair, department of computer science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University

Newly elected foreign associates, their affiliations at the time of election, and their country of citizenship are:

Baulcombe, David C.; head, Sainsbury Laboratory, and professor, John Innes Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom)

Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn; fellow, Mansfield College, and visiting professor of physics, University of Oxford (United Kingdom)

Chen, Ding-Shinn; dean and professor of medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (Taiwan)

Coey, J. Michael D.; professor of physics, department of physics, Trinity College, Dublin (Ireland)

Jeffreys, Alec John; Royal Society Wolfson Research Professor, department of genetics, University of Leicester (United Kingdom)

Juma, Calestous; professor of the practice of international development, and director, science, technology, and innovation program, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (Kenya)

Koshiba, Masatoshi; professor emeritus, department of physics and astronomy, International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo (Japan)

Lehmann, Ruth; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and director, developmental genetics program, Skirball Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York City (Germany)

León-Azofeifa, Pedro; professor, Centro de Investigaciones en Biología Celular y Molecular, and director general, Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología, University of Costa Rica, San Jose (Costa Rica)

Mashelkar, Raghunath A.; director general, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi (India)

Özdogan, Mehmet; director, Eastern Thrace-Marmara Project, and Professor Faculty of Letters, department of archaeology and art history, University of Istanbul (Turkey)

Rappuoli, Rino; head of research of IRIS, Chiron Research Institute, and vice president, vaccine research, Chiron Corp., Siena (Italy)

Romo, Ranulfo; professor of neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City (Mexico)

Schellnhuber, Hans-Joachim; research director, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (Germany)

Shamir, Adi; Borman Professorial Chair of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, department of computer science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot (Israel)

Tapponnier, Paul; professor of physics, Laboratoire de Tectonique Mechanique de la Lithosphere, Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris (France)

Teitelboim, Claudio; director, Center for Scientific Studies, Valdivia (Chile)

Toyoshima, Chikashi; professor of supramolecular structure, Center for Bioinformatics, and director, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo (Japan)